Best Gambling Sites in the UK: Payout Transparency, Licences and What Actually Gets Paid
Picking a gambling site is easy. Getting your money back out is the part that separates a decent operator from a marketing department with a server. This guide ranks the best gambling sites on the UK market by the thing that matters most after the fun wears off: whether a withdrawal lands in your bank account, on time, at the amount you asked for.
We are looking at 2026 conditions. The Gambling Commission licence regime has tightened again, the 2025 stake limits on online slots are in force, and financial risk checks are now baked into the onboarding flow at every major brand. That changes which operators look strong and which ones are coasting on a logo from 2012.
Everything below is judged on licence status, payout speed, published terms, game supplier depth and how the operator behaves when something goes wrong. No affiliate hype, no invented statistics. Where a brand runs on an offshore licence, we say so plainly.
How We Rank the Best Gambling Sites in the UK
Ranking gambling sites by bonus size is how amateurs do it. A £50 matched deposit that locks your cash behind 40x wagering is worth less than a £10 free spins offer with no strings. The weighting below reflects that reality, and it puts payout reliability first because that is the only feature you cannot negotiate around.
What criteria actually matter when comparing UK gambling sites?
Five things, in this order: UK Gambling Commission licence, withdrawal processing time, clarity of the terms, game catalogue depth across Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming, Evolution and Hacksaw Gaming, and customer support responsiveness. Everything else, from the colour scheme to the loyalty scheme, is decoration on top of those five.
Licence status is binary. Either the operator holds a UKGC licence, or it operates on a Malta Gaming Authority, Curaçao or Anjouan licence and therefore sits outside UK consumer protection. That second group is not illegal for you to use, but you lose access to the UK dispute resolution route and the protections that come with it.
Withdrawal speed is the metric that exposes weak operations. A site that advertises "instant withdrawals" in 24pt type and then takes 72 hours to process is not lying in a legal sense, it is just using the word "instant" to describe a pending queue. We track the actual clock from request to cleared funds.
Why does payout transparency beat bonus size every time?
Because a bonus is a temporary condition and a payout policy is permanent. A 100% match up to £100 with 35x wagering on a 4.5% house edge slot has an expected cost that frequently exceeds the bonus value. The maths is unglamorous but it is the maths.
Payout transparency works in the opposite direction. If a site publishes its processing windows, honours them, and does not apply hidden maximum withdrawal caps, you keep what you win. Over a year of play that is worth far more than any sign-up offer, and it is the single best predictor of whether you will still be using the site in 12 months.
The UK Gambling Commission requires all licensed operators to keep customer funds in separate accounts, rated at one of three protection levels. Check which level your operator uses before you deposit anything meaningful.
Which licences separate a protected site from a grey-market one?
A UKGC licence means the operator submits to UK advertising rules, the 18+ age gate, mandatory self-exclusion via GAMSTOP, and the requirement to contribute to GambleAware. An MGA licence offers decent consumer protection but no UK dispute route. A Curaçao or Anjouan licence offers very little of either.
Plenty of brands in the list below hold UKGC licences for their UK-facing product and separate offshore entities for other markets. That is normal corporate structuring, not a red flag, as long as the UK domain you are actually using is the licensed one. Check the footer, not the marketing page.
If a site refuses to display its licence number, or shows a licence issued by a jurisdiction you have never heard of, treat that as information. It tells you exactly how much recourse you have if a withdrawal stalls.
Payout Transparency: The Real Test of a Gambling Site
Every operator says it pays fast. Very few define what "fast" means, which is precisely the gap this section fills. Below is how the withdrawal chain actually works, where the delays hide, and which brands in the UK market consistently clear funds inside 24 hours.
How long should a withdrawal actually take at a licensed UK site?
The industry standard for e-wallets is under 24 hours, debit cards 1-3 working days, and bank transfers 1-3 working days. Anything materially slower than that at a UKGC-licensed operator is a processing choice, not a technical limitation, and it is fair to treat it as such.
PayPal and Skrill withdrawals at the better operators clear in under 6 hours in most cases. Card withdrawals are bottlenecked by the payment processor, not the casino, so a 48-hour window is defensible. A 5-day window is not, and there is no technical reason for it in 2026.
Watch for the distinction between "pending" and "processing". A withdrawal sitting in pending for 72 hours has not been touched by anyone. Some operators use that window deliberately to give you time to reverse the request, which is a feature dressed up as a delay.
Where do withdrawal delays actually come from?
Four places, roughly in order of frequency: pending periods designed to encourage reversal, KYC verification triggered only at withdrawal, payment processor batching, and source-of-funds checks on larger amounts. Only the last one is genuinely unavoidable.
- Pending periods: 24-72 hours at some brands, zero at others. Entirely a policy choice.
- KYC at withdrawal: avoidable if the operator verifies you at deposit, which the better ones now do.
- Processor batching: typically adds 1 working day, rarely more.
- Source-of-funds checks: triggered above thresholds that vary by operator, usually £2,000-£10,000.
The fix for three of those four is simple. Verify your identity and address at sign-up, before you deposit, and you remove the most common cause of a stalled withdrawal. It takes 10 minutes and saves a week of frustration later.
Which UK operators clear withdrawals fastest in 2026?
Based on published processing windows and consistent user reporting, the fastest group includes MrQ, PlayOJO, Casumo, 32Red and Betfair. Each publishes a clear window, each processes e-wallet withdrawals in under 24 hours, and none of them operate a punitive pending queue.
MrQ is notable for having no wagering requirements on its free spins at all, which removes an entire category of post-win disputes. PlayOJO does the same and pays a flat rate on every spin regardless of stake. Both are unusual in a market where the default is to bury the terms.
At the other end, a handful of bingo-led brands still run 48-72 hour pending windows. That is not illegal and it is disclosed in the terms, but it is a real cost to you and it belongs in the comparison.
| Operator | Licence | E-wallet withdrawal | Pending period | Notable for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MrQ | UKGC | Under 24h | None | No wagering on free spins |
| PlayOJO | UKGC | Under 24h | None | Flat 0.3% cashback per spin |
| 32Red | UKGC | Under 24h | None | Microgaming heritage, long tenure |
| Betfair | UKGC | Under 24h | Up to 24h | Exchange liquidity, sportsbook depth |
| Casumo | UKGC | Under 24h | None | Gamified rewards, NetEnt catalogue |
| LeoVegas | UKGC | 1-24h | None | Mobile-first build, fast KYC |
| Bet365 | UKGC | 1-24h | Up to 24h | Market-leading sportsbook |
| William Hill | UKGC | 1-24h | Up to 24h | Retail plus online integration |
| Sky Vegas | UKGC | 1-24h | Up to 24h | Sky Betting & Gaming group |
| Ladbrokes | UKGC | 1-24h | Up to 24h | Entain group scale |
What do the 2026 UK slot stake limits mean for payouts?
Online slot stakes for players aged 18-24 are capped at £2 per spin, and for players 25 and over the cap is £5 per spin. These limits came into force in 2025 and remain in place through 2026, applying to all UKGC-licensed online slots.
The practical effect on payouts is indirect but real. Lower stakes mean lower absolute volatility per session, which reduces the frequency of large withdrawal requests and the source-of-funds checks that come with them. It also means the operators relying on high-roller slot play have had to rebuild their revenue mix.
For you, the takedown is straightforward. If you are 24 or under, your maximum slot stake is £2. If you are 25 or over, it is £5. Land-based casinos and non-slot verticals are not covered by the same cap, which is why some operators have pushed customers toward live dealer and table games.
The Best Gambling Sites in the UK: Operator by Operator
Below is the working list, grouped by what each brand is actually good at rather than by affiliate payout. Every operator here holds a UKGC licence unless explicitly noted otherwise. Where a brand also runs offshore entities, we say so.
Which operators lead on sportsbook and casino combined?
Bet365, William Hill, Betfair, Sky Bet and Paddy Power all run genuine dual-product operations with UKGC licences and sub-24-hour e-wallet withdrawals. Bet365 remains the benchmark on in-play markets, with pricing depth that the pure casino brands cannot match.
Betfair's exchange model is a different animal entirely. You are betting against other users, not the house, and the commission is 2% on net winnings for most markets. For anyone who understands how to trade a position, that structure is materially better than a fixed-odds sportsbook.
William Hill and Ladbrokes both carry the advantage of retail integration, which matters if you ever want to walk into a shop and withdraw cash. Paddy Power leans harder into the entertainment side of the brand, which is either charming or exhausting depending on your tolerance for it.
Which casino-first brands have the strongest game catalogues?
LeoVegas, Casumo, 32Red, Unibet, Mr Vegas and Videoslots run the deepest catalogues in the UK market. Expect 1,500+ titles at minimum, with full coverage of Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming, Play'n GO, Hacksaw Gaming and Evolution live dealer.
Videoslots is the outlier here. It lists over 10,000 games, runs regular slot battles with real cash prizes, and has built a reputation among players who actually care about RTP percentages rather than bonus banners. The interface is dense, which is either a feature or a problem depending on how you like your navigation.
Mr Vegas and Casumo both push gamified reward systems. Casumo's is the more mature of the two and has been running in roughly its current form since 2012. Mr Vegas leans on a simpler cashback model that is easier to understand and harder to game.
Which bingo and slots sites are worth the deposit?
Gala Bingo, Foxy Bingo, JackpotJoy, Heart Bingo, Sun Bingo, Rainbow Riches Casino and Slingo all operate under UKGC licences with reasonable payout records. They are aimed at a different player profile than the sportsbook-led brands, and the terms reflect that.
The bingo-led sites typically run higher wagering on their bonuses and slower withdrawal windows, which is the trade-off for the community features and chat rooms. If you are there for the rooms and the schedule, that is a fair exchange. If you are there to extract value, it is not.
Rainbow Riches Casino is the strongest of this group on the slots side, riding the Barcrest/Microgaming Rainbow Riches franchise that has been a UK staple since 2006. Slingo occupies its own niche, blending bingo and slots mechanics in a format that has spawned dozens of imitators.
Which newcomers are actually holding their own in 2026?
Midnite, Kwiff, Pub Casino, BetGoodwin, Bet UK and DragonBet have all carved out space in the last few years. Midnite has done it with a cleaner interface and a Gen-Z-facing tone. Kwiff has done it with the "kwiffed" bet mechanic, which randomly boosts odds on settled wagers.
Pub Casino and DragonBet are both deliberately British in branding, which is a positioning choice rather than a product one, but it has worked. BetGoodwin has leaned into racing, an area where the big sportsbooks have become less generous on each-way terms.
The honest read on the newcomer tier: none of them beat Bet365 or Betfair on price, but several beat them on withdrawal speed and on the absence of punitive terms. That is a legitimate reason to hold an account at more than one site.
Which offshore-licensed brands appear in UK search results?
Several brands heavily marketed to UK players operate on Curaçao or Anjouan licences rather than UKGC. That group includes Roobet, Gamdom, Rainbet, Donbet, NineWin, Fat Pirate, Lucky Pants and a rotating cast of similar names.
These sites are not illegal for a UK adult to use, but they sit outside UKGC jurisdiction. That means no GAMSTOP protection, no access to the UK dispute resolution service, and no guarantee that customer funds are held in segregated accounts. The trade-off is usually higher bonus caps and looser verification.
If you use them, understand what you are giving up. A dispute with a Curaçao-licensed operator is resolved in Curaçao, under Curaçao law, at your expense. That is a real cost, and it is worth knowing before rather than after a withdrawal stalls.
| Brand group | Typical licence | GAMSTOP applies | UK dispute route | Funds segregation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bet365, William Hill, Sky Bet | UKGC | Yes | Yes | Required, rated |
| MrQ, PlayOJO, Casumo | UKGC | Yes | Yes | Required, rated |
| Betfair, Paddy Power, Coral | UKGC | Yes | Yes | Required, rated |
| Roobet, Gamdom, Rainbet | Curaçao | No | No | Not guaranteed |
| Donbet, NineWin, Fat Pirate | Anjouan/Curaçao | No | No | Not guaranteed |
Bonuses, Wagering and the Small Print That Costs You Money
A bonus is a contract. The headline number is the offer, and the terms are the price. Most players read the first and ignore the second, which is exactly how the maths is designed to work. Here is how to read both properly.
How do wagering requirements change the real value of a bonus?
Wagering requirements multiply your bonus by a number and require you to stake that total before any winnings convert to cash. A £50 bonus at 35x wagering means £1,750 in qualifying stakes before you can withdraw a penny of it.
On a slot with a 96% RTP, that £1,750 of staking has an expected cost of £70. Your bonus was £50. Run the numbers on a 40x requirement and the expected cost climbs to £80. The bonus is not free, it is a discount on volume you were going to play anyway, and only if you were going to play that volume.
Game weighting makes it worse. Table games and live dealer titles typically contribute 10% or less toward wagering, so £100 staked on blackjack might count as £10. Slots usually contribute 100%, which is why the wagering is always achievable on paper and rarely achievable in practice.
Which bonus types are worth taking in 2026?
Free spins with no wagering, cashback with no cap, and deposit matches at 20x or lower. Everything else needs to be modelled before you accept it. The best gambling sites in the UK now compete on the cleanliness of their terms rather than the size of the headline number.
MrQ and PlayOJO have built their entire positioning on this. No wagering on free spins, cashback paid on every spin regardless of outcome, and no maximum win caps on the cashback itself. It is a smaller-sounding offer that is worth more in expectation than most 100% matches.
Reload bonuses and daily free spin drops are usually better value than welcome offers, because they do not carry the same wagering load and they are not designed to acquire you at a loss. If you are going to play regularly, the retention offers are where the value sits.
What do maximum win caps and withdrawal limits actually cost you?
A maximum win cap converts a bonus into a lottery ticket. If the terms say "maximum win from this bonus is £250", then a £10,000 slot hit pays you £250 and the rest evaporates. That clause is legal, disclosed, and common on high-value welcome offers.
Withdrawal limits work differently. A site capping withdrawals at £10,000 per month is not stealing from you, it is scheduling your payments. But if you hit a £50,000 win, that is five months of waiting, and the operator is earning interest on your money in the meantime.
Check both clauses before you deposit. The maximum win cap is usually in the bonus terms, and the withdrawal limit is usually in the general banking terms. Neither is hidden, but neither is on the landing page either.
Are free spins and no-deposit offers ever genuinely free?
No-deposit offers are the closest thing to free in this market, and they still carry a verification requirement and usually a maximum withdrawal cap on the winnings. A typical no-deposit offer is 10-50 free spins with a £50-£100 maximum cashout.
That is a real offer, not a trick, but it is a marketing cost the operator has budgeted for. The average value delivered per claimant is well below the maximum cashout, which is why the offer exists. Take it, understand the cap, and do not treat it as a route to a large payout.
Free spin value also varies enormously by stake level. A 10p spin at 50 spins is £5 of staking. A £1 spin at 50 spins is £50. The headline "50 free spins" tells you nothing until you know the spin value, and the spin value is always in the terms.
Safety, Regulation and Responsible Play in the UK
The UK market is one of the most heavily regulated in the world, and that regulation is the main reason a UKGC-licensed operator is a safer place to hold money than an offshore equivalent. It is also the reason the bonus offers here look smaller than what you will see advertised from Curaçao.
What protections does a UKGC licence actually give you?
Segregated customer funds held in accounts rated at one of three protection levels, access to the UK dispute resolution route, mandatory GAMSTOP integration, and advertising rules that restrict how bonuses can be promoted. Those are concrete, enforceable protections, not marketing claims.
The funds segregation requirement is the one that matters most if an operator fails. At the highest protection level, customer funds are held in a separate trust and are not part of the operator's estate in insolvency. At the lowest level, you are a general creditor. Ask which level applies.
GAMSTOP is the other significant protection. It is a single self-exclusion register covering every UKGC-licensed operator. Register once and you are blocked from all of them for a minimum of 6 months. No offshore site participates in it, which is a real gap if you are trying to control your play.
How do you check whether a site is genuinely licensed?
Scroll to the footer and look for the licence number and the regulator's name. A UKGC licence number is verifiable directly on the Gambling Commission's public register, and the check takes about 30 seconds. If the footer shows no licence, or shows one you cannot verify, that is your answer.
Also check the domain. Several brands operate both a UKGC-licensed .co.uk domain and an offshore .com domain. The protections apply to the licensed domain, not the brand. If you signed up on the .com, you may be outside UKGC jurisdiction even though the logo looks identical.
The Gambling Commission publishes enforcement actions against licensed operators, including fines and licence reviews. Reading that list is a fast way to see which brands have been caught cutting corners on anti-money-laundering or customer protection obligations in the last 24 months.
What responsible gambling tools should every player know?
Deposit limits, loss limits, session time reminders, reality checks, time-outs from 24 hours to 6 weeks, and self-exclusion. All UKGC-licensed operators must offer these, and all of them must be easy to find in the account settings rather than buried in a help page.
Deposit limits are the most effective tool for most people because they are set in advance and cannot be raised on impulse. UKGC rules require a 24-hour cooling-off period before a deposit limit increase takes effect, which is precisely the point.
Time-outs are underused. A 24-hour or 7-day break requires no justification and does not affect your account standing. If you are chasing losses, a time-out is a better response than a bigger deposit, and every licensed operator will process one on request.
Responsible gambling: Gambling in the UK is restricted to adults aged 18 or over. If gambling stops being fun, contact the National Gambling Helpline on 0808 8020 133, free and open 24 hours a day. Self-exclusion across all UK-licensed operators is available through GAMSTOP at gamstop.co.uk. Support is also available from GamCare and BeGambleAware. Set deposit limits before you play, not after.
How do financial risk checks affect your account in 2026?
Light-touch financial risk checks now apply at thresholds that operators set within the Gambling Commission framework, typically triggered by net deposits of £500-£1,000 in a rolling 30-day window at the lower end, and more detailed checks at higher levels.
The checks are not designed to catch you out. They are designed to identify customers whose gambling spend is disproportionate to their financial circumstances. If you are asked for documentation, providing it promptly is the fastest route through, and a refusal usually results in a deposit block rather than a closure.
Practical advice: keep your account details current, have a recent bank statement or payslip ready if you play at meaningful stakes, and do not be surprised by a request. In 2026 this is standard at every UKGC-licensed operator, not a sign that you have been flagged for anything specific.
Which game suppliers should you look for at a UK site?
Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming, Play'n GO, Evolution, Hacksaw Gaming, Red Tiger, Big Time Gaming and Yggdrasil. A site carrying all nine is running a serious casino operation. A site carrying three is running a thin one.
Supplier diversity matters because it correlates with RTP transparency. The major studios publish RTP figures per game and per market, and UK-licensed versions of their titles must run at the published UK RTP. Some offshore sites run lower-RTP variants of the same games, which is legal in their jurisdiction and worth knowing about.
Evolution dominates live dealer with roughly 500+ tables across roulette, blackjack, baccarat and game show formats. If live dealer is your main vertical, the operator's Evolution coverage is the single most important catalogue question to ask.
How should you split your play across multiple sites?
Holding accounts at three or four operators is normal and sensible. It gives you access to different bonus structures, different game catalogues, and it means a technical issue at one site does not stop your play. It also spreads your exposure if one operator runs into trouble.
The practical split for most players: one sportsbook-led brand for betting, one casino-first brand for slots, one bingo or niche site if that is your vertical, and one backup. Withdraw regularly rather than letting balances accumulate, and keep a record of deposits and withdrawals for your own clarity.
Do not chase bonuses across 10 sites. The wagering requirements make that a losing strategy in expectation, and the admin overhead is real. Three or four well-chosen accounts beats a dozen accounts you cannot keep track of.
What is the single biggest mistake new players make?
Depositing before verifying. KYC at deposit takes 10 minutes and removes the most common cause of a stalled withdrawal. KYC at withdrawal, triggered by a win you want to collect, takes days and puts the operator in control of the timeline.
The second biggest mistake is not reading the maximum win cap on a bonus. A £500 win that pays £250 because of a cap clause is a bad outcome that was fully disclosed in the terms you agreed to. Read the terms, or accept the consequences.
The third is treating a bonus as free money. It is not. It is a staking commitment with an expected cost, and if you would not have played that volume without the bonus, the bonus has cost you money rather than saved it.
How do you compare two operators fairly?
Pick a fixed deposit amount, say £100, and model the full cycle at both sites: bonus value, wagering requirement, game weighting, expected loss on the qualifying staking, maximum win cap, and withdrawal processing time. The operator with the better total is your answer, and it is rarely the one with the bigger headline offer.
Run that model at MrQ and at a 40x-wagering competitor with a £200 match. The MrQ offer is smaller, the expected value is higher, and the withdrawal is faster. That is the whole argument for judging on terms rather than on the number in the banner.
Repeat the exercise whenever you are considering a new site. It takes 15 minutes and it will save you more than any single bonus is worth over the course of a year.
What does a realistic expectation look like for a UK player in 2026?
Slots run at 94-96% RTP on UK-licensed sites, which means an expected loss of £4-£6 per £100 staked over a long sample. That is the house edge, and no bonus structure changes it. Bonuses shift the timing of losses, not the direction.
Sportsbook margins sit at 2-7% depending on the market, with exchange commission at 2% on net winnings at Betfair. Live dealer blackjack runs at roughly 99.5% RTP with basic strategy, which is the best-priced product on most casino floors.
Play within those numbers, use deposit limits, withdraw regularly, and treat the whole thing as entertainment with a known cost. That is the honest version of what these sites offer, and it is a better foundation for a long relationship with any of them than a 100% match you cannot clear.
Frequently asked questions about UK gambling sites
Is it legal to gamble online in the UK?
Yes, for anyone aged 18 or over, provided the operator holds a UK Gambling Commission licence. Using a site licensed elsewhere is not a criminal offence for the player, but it removes UK consumer protections, GAMSTOP coverage and access to the UK dispute resolution route.
How fast should a UK casino pay out?
Under 24 hours for e-wallets at the better operators, 1-3 working days for debit cards and bank transfers. Anything beyond 72 hours at a UKGC-licensed site is a processing policy, not a technical constraint, and it is fair to weigh it against the competition.
Do UK casinos charge tax on winnings?
No. UK gambling winnings are not subject to income tax or capital gains tax for the player. The operator pays the relevant gambling duties, and your withdrawal arrives at the full amount requested, minus any processing fees the site applies.
What is GAMSTOP and do I need it?
GAMSTOP is the UK's single self-exclusion register, covering every UKGC-licensed operator. Registering blocks you from all of them for a minimum of 6 months. It is free, it is the strongest tool available if you need a hard stop, and offshore sites do not participate in it.
Which UK casino has the best RTP slots?
RTP is set by the game supplier, not the operator, and UK-licensed versions of major titles must run at the published UK RTP. Sites carrying Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming and Hacksaw Gaming at full catalogue depth give you the widest access to 96%+ titles.
Can a UK casino refuse to pay my winnings?
Only on defined grounds, such as breaching bonus terms, failing verification, or evidence of account abuse. If you believe a refusal is unjustified, the operator must have a formal complaints process, and you can escalate to the relevant UK dispute resolution service at no cost.
Are no-deposit bonuses worth claiming?
They are the closest thing to a free offer in the market, usually 10-50 free spins with a £50-£100 maximum cashout. The cap is real and it is disclosed. Claim it if you want, but do not treat it as a route to a large payout.
How many gambling site accounts should I hold?
Three or four is the sensible range: one sportsbook-led brand, one casino-first brand, one niche site if that matches your vertical, and one backup. More than that and the bonus-chasing overhead outweighs any value you extract from the offers.
What happens to my money if a UK casino goes bust?
It depends on the funds protection level the operator uses. At the highest level, customer funds are held in a separate trust and are not part of the operator's estate in insolvency. At the lowest level, you are a general creditor. Check the level before you deposit.
Do I need to verify my identity before withdrawing?
Yes, at every UKGC-licensed operator. The better sites verify you at deposit, which removes the delay from the withdrawal process entirely. If you wait until you have a win to verify, you have handed the operator control of the timeline.
Which payment methods are fastest for UK withdrawals?
PayPal and Skrill are the fastest, typically clearing in under 6 hours at the better operators. Debit cards and bank transfers take 1-3 working days. Cryptocurrency is fast on the blockchain side but adds a conversion step that can slow the total process.
Is there a difference between a casino and a sportsbook licence?
No. A UKGC licence covers the activities listed on it, and most major operators hold a combined remote casino and remote betting licence. The licence number in the footer is the one to verify on the Gambling Commission's public register.
Payout transparency is the one feature that survives every change in bonus terms, every shift in stake limits and every new compliance requirement. Pick operators that publish their processing windows, honour them without a punitive pending queue, and hold your funds in a properly rated segregated account. That is the whole test, and it is the one worth running before you deposit a single pound at any of the sites above.